Acid mine drainage (AMD) contamination in coal mines and the need for extensive prediction and remediation: a review

Globally, the major source of environmental pollution as a result mineral exploitation and processing is acid mine drainage (AMD). AMD refers to outflowing streams acidic constituents from pyrite-bearing ore mines. The exposure pyrite (FeS2) in coal waste dumps atmospheric oxygen water presence microbial communities promotes formation sulphuric which leaches out inherent heavy metals into discharge, phenomenon called oxidation. AMDs are usually characterized by convoy toxic metals, most transition elements (copper, nickel, zinc, etc.) arsenic at concentrations higher than limits permitted regulations. impact this discharge mines on downstream/underground waters farm lands within corresponding mining zones have been severally reported previous researchers, but not so much discussed extensive prediction remediation. It view that current paper reviews need for remediation approach under following subheadings; General introduction, sources identification, representative sampling, adoption model, determination potential quality via static kinetic tests development an economically sustainable strategy. thought article would be useful academia well policy makers responsible implementation regulations